The basic raw materials for ordinary sand casting are foundry sand and sand binder. The most commonly used casting sand is silica sand, and when the high temperature performance of silica sand cannot meet the requirements, zircon sand, chromite sand, corundum sand and other special sand are used. The most widely used sand binder is clay, but also a variety of dry oil or semi-dry oil, water-soluble silicate or phosphate and a variety of synthetic resins for sand binder.
The external sand type used in sand casting is divided into three types of clay wet sand type, clay dry sand type and chemically hardened sand type according to the binder used in the sand and the way it builds strength. sanzhuji summarizes the characteristics of sand casting, combined with the foundry summed up the following two points.

1、Sand casting is the most popular and simplest type of casting that has been used for centuries. Sand casting is used to make large parts such as gray cast iron, ductile iron, stainless steel and other types of steel and other processes of sand casting. The main steps include drawing, moulding, core making, moulding, melting and pouring, cleaning, etc.
Selection of process parameters
1.11 processing allowance
The so-called machining allowance, is the need to cut the surface of the casting, should leave a certain amount of machining allowance in advance, the size depends on the type of casting alloy, molding method, the size of the casting and the location of the processing surface in the mold and many other factors.
1.12 Start mold slope
In order to make the mold sample easy to remove from the mold, perpendicular to the parting surface of the vertical wall of the added slope is called the starting slope.
1.13 casting rounding
In order to prevent castings in the wall connection and corner of the stress and cracking, to prevent damage to the sharp corners of the mold and produce trachoma, in the design of the casting, the casting wall connection and corner part should be designed into a rounded corner.
1.14 Core head
In order to ensure the positioning of the core in the casting, fixed and exhaust, mold and core are designed to core head.
1.15 Shrinkage allowance
Due to the cooling shrinkage of the casting after casting, this shrinkage dimension should be added when making the mold pattern.

1.2 Advantages.
1.21 The resources of clay are abundant and cheap. Most of the used clay wet sand can be recycled after proper sand treatment
1.22 Short cycle time and high work efficiency for manufacturing casting patterns
1.23 The mixed sand can be used for a long time
1.24 The adaptability is very wide. Small parts, large parts, simple parts, complex parts, single parts, large quantities can be used

1.3 Disadvantages and limitations.
1.31 Because each sand casting can only be poured once, after obtaining the casting that the casting is damaged, must be re-molded, so the sand casting production efficiency is low
1.32 cast stiffness is not high, the casting dimensional accuracy is poor
1.33 castings are easy to produce sand punching, sand trapping, porosity and other defects.

2, investment casting with wax material as a mold, investment casting is also known as "lost wax casting". Melt casting usually refers to the fusible material made of mold sample, in the mold sample surface covered with several layers of refractory material made of shell, and then the mold sample melted out of the shell, so as to obtain the cast without parting surface, after high temperature baking can be filled with sand casting program. Because the mold sample is widely used wax material to manufacture, so often called fusion casting "lost wax casting".
The types of alloys that can be produced by investment casting include carbon steel, alloy steel, heat-resistant alloys, stainless steel, precision alloys, permanent magnet alloys, bearing alloys, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys and ductile iron.

2.1 Advantages.
2.11 Higher dimensional accuracy. Generally up to CT4-6 (CT10~13 for sand casting, CT5~7 for die casting)
2.12 It can improve the utilization rate of metal materials. Investment casting can significantly reduce the amount of processing of forming surface and mating surface of the product, saving the consumption of processing table time and sharpening material
2.13 can maximize the degree of similarity between the blank and the part, bringing great convenience to the structural design of the part. Casting complex shape castings investment casting can cast very complex shape castings, but also cast wall thickness of 0.5mm, weight as small as 1g castings, but also combined, integral castings can be cast.
2.14 not subject to the limitations of the alloy material. Investment casting method can cast carbon steel, alloy steel, ductile iron, copper alloy and aluminum alloy castings, but also cast high-temperature alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys and precious metals and other materials castings. For difficult to forge, welding and cutting alloy materials, especially suitable for casting by fine casting method.
2.15 High production flexibility and adaptability Melt casting is suitable for both mass production and small batch or even single piece production.

2.2 Disadvantages and limitations.
2.21 The size of the casting can not be too large process complex casting cooling rate is slow.
2.22 Melt casting in all blank forming methods, the most complex process, the casting cost is also very high, but if the product is properly selected, the part design is reasonable, high casting costs due to reduced cutting, assembly and savings in metal materials and other aspects of compensation, then the melting die casting has good economics.

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